PSLV-C60: ISRO’s First Space Docking Mission - A Leap in Space Technology

On December 30, 2024, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched the PSLV-C60 mission, marking a significant milestone in India's space endeavors. The mission's primary objective was the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX), aimed at demonstrating in-space docking technology—a critical capability for future missions involving satellite servicing, space station operations, and interplanetary travel.

The PSLV-C60 lifted off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota at 16:30 GMT, deploying two small spacecraft, each weighing approximately 220 kilograms, into a 470-kilometer circular orbit. Designated as SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), these spacecraft are engineered to execute autonomous rendezvous and docking maneuvers in orbit. 

SpaDeX Mission Objectives

SpaDeX is designed to develop and demonstrate technologies essential for autonomous rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. This capability is vital for future missions, including the planned Indian space station and potential lunar endeavors like Chandrayaan-4. The mission will also test the transfer of electric power between the docked spacecraft, a feature crucial for in-space robotics and composite spacecraft control. 

A notable achievement of the SpaDeX mission is the development of the Bhartiya Docking System (BDS), an indigenous docking mechanism based on the International Docking System Standard (IDSS). This system employs a dual-motor actuation design, enhancing alignment accuracy and connection security during docking procedures. Additionally, the spacecraft are equipped with advanced sensors, including proximity sensors and laser rangefinders, to facilitate precise navigation and docking operations. 

Future Implications

The success of the SpaDeX mission positions India among a select group of nations—namely the United States, Russia, and China—that have demonstrated in-space docking capabilities. This technological advancement is expected to significantly enhance India's capacity for complex space missions, including the assembly and maintenance of a planned space station by 2035. ISRO Chairman S. Somanath indicated that further testing of the docking technology is anticipated around January 7, 2025.

Collaborative Efforts

In a pioneering move, the integration and testing of the PSLV-C60 rocket and its satellites were conducted by Ananth Technologies, a private company, marking the first time such activities have been performed outside of a government facility in India. This collaboration underscores the growing role of private industry in India's space sector. 

Beyond the SpaDeX mission, the PSLV-C60's fourth stage has been repurposed into an active orbital laboratory, known as the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM-4). This platform carries 24 small payloads from ISRO and academic institutions, providing opportunities for experiments in space technology and research. 

The successful execution of the PSLV-C60 mission and the SpaDeX experiment marks a significant leap forward for India's space capabilities, paving the way for more ambitious projects in the future.